Shakespeare s Othello - The Simplicity Of Love - 1521 Words

The Simplicity of Love in Othello Shakespeare’s plays seem to focus essentially on a dominant male character and his struggles that tend to deal with a woman in a few plays. Shakespeare is criticized for the depiction of his novel. There are just three women in the play. They are Desdemona, Bianca, and Emilia. The role of the women serves to present them completely to reflect their ideological prospects within the Elizabethan society as well as the Venetian society. The women are required to love and unselfishly devote their lives to their husbands. Shakespeare presents Desdemona, Bianca and Emila’s relationship with the male characters in a manner that suggests all the women have distinct individual roles although at the end they all relate to one role. In Othello, it is the passionate human conflict and the imminent downfall of the tragic hero due to an overwhelming flaw of absolutism that proceeds to captivate the audience where eventually, through the tragedy of the play, Shakespeare explores lasting aspects of the human emotional condition and love. The main sensation and the force behind the play is love. Everybody acts upon the power of love. Othello utters this line before he commits suicide. â€Å"Of one that loved wisely but not too well,† (5.2.396) at the end the love ripped them off. Desdemona is the strongest and has steadfast love. Desdemona is an attractive, fair woman and a sweet woman that is motivated by fear and love. From the start of the play, she is shownShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Othello 1131 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Othello by Shakespeare Shakespeare is known for his use of recurring themes throughout his work, including love, death and betrayal. These themes are present in his work of Othello. However, the most fundamental issue is jealousy. The lives of the characthers in Othello are ruined by jealousy from the beginning to the end of the play. The telling of the story is carried out by passion, jealousy, and death. Shakespeare’s Othello reveals devastating tragic inevitability, stunning psychologicalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Othello 1119 Words   |  5 Pagesplay â€Å"Othello†, by William Shakespeare and film adaption by Oliver parker explores the idea of how an individual’s sense of identity affects their actions and how this can be manipulated to create conflict. Shakespeare uses techniques such as soliloquies, dramatic irony, imagery, foreshadowing, and symbolism to show us how tragedy occurs from counteracting to patriarchal rules and stereotypes. Identity is a very key, important thematic issue in William Shakespeare s tragic play, â€Å"Othello†. IdentityRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello As A Tragic Hero1323 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Othello the Moore of Venice is a play about a heroic individual that goes through a tragic event based on his decisions throughout the play. Many of the characters that Shakespeare presents in his plays reveal attitudes and value that is reflective of both the Elizabethan society in sixteenth century England and William Shakespeare; these values are evident in the context of the Venetian society that Othello takes place in. Through Othello Shakespeare embodies his belief ofRead MoreShakespeare s Othello And The Winter s Tale A Comparison1843 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s Othello and The Winter’s Tale a Comparison Between Desdemona and Hermione William Shakespeare, in his Othello and The Winter’s Tale portrays some curious facets of femininity, maybe deliberately or not. Desdemona in Othello is a Venetian beauty with resolute individuality, while Hermione in The Winter’s Tale is more mysterious. When we take the reality aspect, the former is more realistic and true to life, which has implications even in this time. The latter, is to an extent, unrealRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay1833 Words   |  8 Pages INTRODUCTION The seemingly straightforward simplicity of â€Å"Julius Caesar† has made it a perennial favourite for almost 400 years. Despite its simplicity, almost Roman in nature, the play is rich both dramatically and thematically, and every generation since Shakespeare’s time has been able to identify with some political aspect of the play. The Victorians found a stoic, sympathetic character in Brutus and found Caesar unforgivably weak and tyrannical. As we move into the twenty-first century, audiencesRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesrepetition of the initial sounds of several words in a group. The following line from Robert Frosts poem Acquainted with the Night provides us with an example of alliteration,: I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet. The repetition of the s sound creates a sense of quiet, reinforcing the meaning of the line 3. allegory – Where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolic, of something else, usually a larger abstract concept or important historical/geopolitical eventRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesaltar and accepted Christ as his savior, but in his heart, he knew that he had not experienced salvation. That night in bed, Langston wept and admitted to God that he had lied, that he had waited for Jesus and he hadnt come. He felt unworthy of love. Not only had he been abandoned by his parents, but Jesus had not transformed his soul and saved him from sin. Many years later he wrote a poem, Genius Child. In the poem, he compares a child to an eagle that cannot be tamed, with a soul that runs

10 Ways to Promote Self-Directed Classroom

Effective elementary teachers promote a self-directed classroom so that their students know if they cannot solve a problem or figure out an answer then they will have the tools to do it themselves. Here are 10 tips to help you promote a classroom where your students are self-reliant, as well as self-confident and feel that they can do anything on their own. Promote an â€Å"I Can† Attitude Teaching your students how to overcome disappointment is one of the best lessons that you can ever teach them in their life. When students face disappointment, teach them to analyze it and look at the big picture. Teach them to talk about how it feels so that they can move past it. Instilling an â€Å"I can† attitude will help them know and understand that they can do anything. Allow Student to Fail Failing is usually never an option in school. However, in today’s society, it just may be the answer to getting our children to be independent. When a student is practicing balancing on a beam or they are in a yoga position and they fall down, don’t they usually get back up and try one more time, or until they get it? When a child is playing a video game and their character dies, don’t they keep playing until they get to the end? Failure can be the pathway to something much bigger. As teachers, we can give students room to fail, and allow them to learn to pick themselves up and give it another try. Give your students a chance to make a mistake, allow them to struggle and let them know that it is okay to fail just as long as they get back up and try again. Study Leaders and Role Models Take time out of your busy curriculum to study leaders and role models who persevered. Study people like Bethany Hamilton who got her arm bitten off in a shark attack, but continued to compete in surfing competitions. Find a real-world example of perseverance that will help your students understand that people fail and go through hard times, but if they pick themselves up and try again, they can do anything. Get Students to Believe in Themselves Give students positive affirmations that they can do anything they put their mind to. Let’s say that one of your students is failing one of their subjects. Instead of telling them that there’s a chance that they will fail, build them up and tell them that you know that they can do it. If the student sees that you believe in their abilities, then they will soon believe in themselves too. Teach Students to Pull Themselves Out of a Negative Mindset If you want a classroom where your students are self-directed learners then you must get rid of the negative thoughts and beliefs that are in their head. Teach students to see that their negative thoughts are only holding them back from where they need to be or want to go. So then, the next time your students find themselves in a negative mindset, they will be able to pull themselves out of it all by themselves and be mindful of their actions and thoughts. Give Current and Frequent Feedback Try giving students feedback as soon as possible, this way your words will resonate with them, and they will be more willing to make changes if needed. By giving immediate feedback then your students will have the opportunity to implement your suggestions right away and make the changes they need in order to be a self-directed learner. Bolster Students Confidence Bolster your students’ confidence by discussing their strengths and their abilities with them. Find something about each and every student that you can celebrate, this will help boost their confidence. Confidence building is a known way to increase students’ self-assurance and make them feel more independent. Isn’t that what a self-directed learner is? Teach Students How to Manage their Goals In order to promote a self-directed classroom where students are self-reliant then you must teach them how to manage their own goals. You can begin by helping students set small, achievable goals that can be achieved fairly quickly. This will help them understand the process of setting and achieving a goal. Once students grasp this concept, then you can have them set more long term goals. Learn Something New Together To help cultivate a classroom where students learn independence then try learning something new together as a class. Students will learn by observing the way you learn. They will watch you learn through your techniques, which will help them get ideas on how they can do it on their own. Give Your Students a Voice Your classroom should set the stage for students to feel comfortable enough to have a voice. Make your classroom environment a place where students are free to speak their minds. This will not only make them feel more empowered, but also help them feel like they are part of a classroom community, which will help bolster their self-confidence, and in turn, help them become more independent learners.

The United States Involvement During The Vietnam War

The United States involvement in the Vietnam War developed into one of the most brutal, yet necessary wars of The Cold War. Although the war was viewed poorly by most, it helped a weak, crumbling South Vietnam stand up to a strong powerful North Vietnam that was forcing communism on them. President Johnson even stated that â€Å"Our objective is the independence of South Vietnam and its freedom from attack.† The United States wanted to stop an oppressive government and to make sure the world is a safer, freer place for all people. The Vietnam War was worth fighting for as it sent a message to the world that communism is not the right form of government and that the United States was here to support small nations in dire circumstances. The war†¦show more content†¦North and South Vietnam became separate countries and fought in many battles. This was referred to at the Indochina War. Ultimately the French were defeated and a peace treaty called the Geneva Split was sig ned by both sides making the 17th parallel the border between North and South Vietnam. Bao was then replaced by Ngo Dinh Diem, who had a pro-democracy and anti-communist point of view. South Vietnam was renamed the Government of the Republic of Vietnam. After the split of Vietnam, the United States became very interested in stopping the spread of communism. This policy lead president Dwight D. Eisenhower to support South Vietnam. At the same time, Diem’s policy was to get all Viet Minh and northern supporters out of South Vietnam. He did this by ordering mass arrests of communists and later tortured and executed them. An estimated 100,000 people were arrested. After this incident, Viet Minh and others began to attack South Vietnam aiming at government officials and other high profile targets. This lead to skirmishes and firefights between North and South Vietnam, which received the attention of the United States. The United States sent a team to South Vietnam to look at the p otential of a war in Vietnam. The team concluded that the United States should build-up military, economic, and technical aid. After this recommendation, the United States increased aid, sent over 9,000 troops, and pledgedShow MoreRelatedUnited States Involvement During Vietnam War990 Words   |  4 Pagesconsiderably they has been involvements. For example US involvement in Vietnam war through out the1950s till 1960s. In that incidence united states supported France which was more a democratic side and rejected vietnamese nationalist Ho Chi who was known as a communist supported by Russia, and aided with the cost of the war. In 1964 the congress authorised Johnson the president to take necessary actions to prevent aggression against united states in Vietnam and bombing of Vietnam took place in responseRead MoreThe United States Involvement During The Vietnam War947 Words   |  4 Pagesthose conflicts have turned out into wars. Looking back at America’s â€Å"track record† with war, America has a worthy past of having its citizen’s support. Obviously the two World Wars we not controversial. The United States in the Korean War was criticized, fairly, for its strategy, but the need to defend South Korea was never questioned. In only the Vietnam War was the United States’ very participation critic ized. This is such a gigantic change with prior wars that it bears study as to why it happenedRead MoreThe United States Involvement During The Vietnam War1904 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States involvement in the Vietnam War primarily between the years 1964 and 1968 were brought about by the many hostilities and frustrations predominately based on issues of the Cold War, communism, the Policy of Containment, and the Domino Theory. When the United States first got involved in the Vietnam War in the first half of the 1960s, problems had been ongoing for quite sometime and were continuing to increasingly get worse. Throughout the period of U.S. involvement in the war, thereRead MoreThe United States Involvement During The Vietnam War1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States involvement in Vietnam was the longest war the U.S. has ever took part in and was considered an extended military engagement due to the fact congress never formally declared war with Vietnam (FCNL). The V ietnam War began on November 1, 1955 and lasted for 20 years until April 30, 1975. The war was fought between the communist Northern Vietnamese and the anti-communist Southern Vietnamese after the country was temporarily divided by the Geneva Accords. Americas entering of the VietnamRead MoreAnalyzing United States Involvement in Indonesia During the Vietnam War590 Words   |  2 PagesA comprehensive analysis of the United States involvement in Indonesia during the Vietnam War is a virtual case study in lessons learned and mistakes not to make during martial encounters. These errors and the lessons they provided spanned a number of different areas, and include noticeable blunders in social and cultural contexts, presidential leadership, and in diplomatic negotiations. Although the U.S. made a number of mistakes and miscalculations concerning the cultural needs of the South VietnameseRead MoreThe Vietnam War Cost the U.S. More than Money Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesU.S.A Involvement in Vietnam War Direct U.S. military involvement in The Vietnam War, the nations longest, cost fifty-eight thousand American lives. Only the Civil War and the two world wars were deadlier for Americans. During the decade of Vietnam start in 1964, the U.S Treasury spent over $140 billion on the war, enough money to fund urban regeneration projects in every major American city. In spite of these enormous costs and their accompanying public and private disturbance for the AmericanRead MoreAmerican Wars Abroad1567 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the Cold War the United States was involved in numerous conflicts overseas. As the Cold War progressed there were occasions where the US extended its participation beyond what was necessary by not acting in a quick and decisive ma nner. When dealing with crisis or conflict, America must not prolong foreign involvement. The Vietnam War and the Arms Race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union are two instances where America prolonged involvement past what was necessary. Certain aspects of bothRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1475 Words   |  6 Pageson one such event, the Vietnam War, came from entertainment-based programs and the play Miss Saigon. Despite heavy coverage in such well-known comedic films as Forrest Gump and Good Morning Vietnam, the true events were anything but a laugh for those involved. In spite of the relative recentness of the events in Vietnam, many of today’s youths know little about the topic. The events in Vietnam raise the ever-present question on the ethics of third party involvement in a war otherwise unrelated toRead MoreSocial Differences Of The Korean War And Vietnam War826 Words   |  4 Pagescause of many wars. These two major wars, the Korean War and the Vietnam Wa r, not only had serious impact within the country, but also give a prime example of how similar and different between the two. Both wars were commenced similarly from its conflict with expansion of a communist government and the involvement of the United States. Differences came from the involvement of the United Nation and the outcome of both wars. The similarity between the two wars is the the factorRead MoreVietnam War Paper1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War escalated from a Vietnamese civil war into a limited international conflict, in which the United States was deeply involved. The Vietnam War was fought in South Vietnam between government forces aided by the United States and guerilla forces aided by the North Vietnamese. Despite increased American military involvement and signed peace agreements in 1973, the Vietnam War did not end until North Vietnams successful invasion of South Vietnam in 1975. The Vietnam War may have been The United States Involvement During The Vietnam War The United States involvement in Vietnam was the longest war the U.S. has ever took part in and was considered an extended military engagement due to the fact congress never formally declared war with Vietnam (FCNL). The Vietnam War began on November 1, 1955 and lasted for 20 years until April 30, 1975. The war was fought between the communist Northern Vietnamese and the anti-communist Southern Vietnamese after the country was temporarily divided by the Geneva Accords. Americas entering of the Vietnam War proved to be an extremely controversial decision due to citizens belief that the United States reasons for intervention were unnecessary nor justified, and young teens were mainly drafted under the Selective Service Act. The death toll of nearly 3,595,000 people from the war was the result of years of conflict in Vietnam prior to the war (Statistical). The policy of imperialism, division of Vietnam, and American Ideology created circumstances in which the Vietnam War was an inevitab le outcome that would forever change the lives of millions of people. The imperialistic goals of France and Japan created severe conflicts in Vietnam which led to Vietnamese revolutions and ultimately, the Vietnam War. Imperialism is defined as â€Å"a policy or practice by which a country increases its power by gaining control over other areas of the world† (Merriam). The French ruled in Vietnam from the late 1800s up until WWII; during this time, the Vietnamese often faced complications with them.Show MoreRelatedUnited States Involvement During Vietnam War990 Words   |  4 Pagesconsiderably they has been involvements. For example US involvement in Vietnam war through out the1950s till 1960s. In that incidence united states supported France which was more a democratic side and rejected vietnamese nationalist Ho Chi who was known as a communist supported by Russia, and aided with the cost of the war. In 1964 the congress authorised Johnson the president to take necessary actions to prevent aggression against united states in Vietnam and bombing of Vietnam took place in responseRead MoreThe United States Involvement During The Vietnam War1514 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States involvement in the Vietnam War developed into one of the most brutal, yet necessary wars of The Cold War. Although the war was viewed poorly by most, it helped a weak, crumbling South Vietnam stand up to a strong powerful North Vietnam that was forcing communism on them. President Johnson even stated that â€Å"Our objective is the independence of South Vietnam and its freedom from attack.† The United States wanted to stop an oppressive government and to make sure the world is a saferRead MoreThe United States Involvement During The Vietnam War947 Words   |  4 Pagesthose conflicts have turned out into wars. Looking back at America’s â€Å"track record† with war, America has a worthy past of having its citizen’s support. Obviously the two World Wars we not controversial. The United States in the Korean War was criticized, fairly, for its strategy, but the need to defend South Korea was never questioned. In only the Vietnam War was the United States’ very participation criticized. This is such a gigantic change with prior wars that it bears study as to why it happenedRead MoreThe United States Involvement During The Vietnam War1904 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States involvement in the Vietnam War primarily between the years 1964 and 1968 were brought about by the many hostilities and frustrations predominately based on issues of the Cold War, communism, the Policy of Containment, and the Domino Theory. When the United States first got involved in the Vietnam War in the first half of the 1960s, problems had been ongoing for quite sometime and were continuing to increasingly get worse. Throughout the period of U.S. involvement in the war, thereRead MoreAnalyzing United States Involvement in Indonesia During the Vietnam War590 Words   |  2 PagesA comprehensive analysis of the United States involvement in Indonesia during the Vietnam War is a virtual case study in lessons learned and mistakes not to make during martial encounters. These errors and the lessons they provided spanned a number of different areas, and include noticeable blunders in social and cultural contexts, presidential leadership, and in diplomatic negotiations. Although the U.S. made a number of mistakes and miscalculations concerning the cultural needs of the South VietnameseRead MoreThe Vietnam War Cost the U.S. More than Money Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesU.S.A Involvement in Vietnam War Direct U.S. military involvement in The Vietnam War, the nations longest, cost fifty-eight thousand American lives. Only the Civil War and the two world wars were deadlier for Americans. During the decade of Vietnam start in 1964, the U.S Treasury spent over $140 billion on the war, enough money to fund urban regeneration projects in every major American city. In spite of these enormous costs and their accompanying public and private disturbance for the AmericanRead MoreAmerican Wars Abroad1567 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the Cold War the United States was involved in numerous conflicts overseas. As the Cold War progressed there were occasions where the US extended its participation beyond what was necessary by not acting in a quick and decisive ma nner. When dealing with crisis or conflict, America must not prolong foreign involvement. The Vietnam War and the Arms Race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union are two instances where America prolonged involvement past what was necessary. Certain aspects of bothRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1475 Words   |  6 Pageson one such event, the Vietnam War, came from entertainment-based programs and the play Miss Saigon. Despite heavy coverage in such well-known comedic films as Forrest Gump and Good Morning Vietnam, the true events were anything but a laugh for those involved. In spite of the relative recentness of the events in Vietnam, many of today’s youths know little about the topic. The events in Vietnam raise the ever-present question on the ethics of third party involvement in a war otherwise unrelated toRead MoreSocial Differences Of The Korean War And Vietnam War826 Words   |  4 Pagescause of many wars. These two major wars, the Korean War and the Vietnam Wa r, not only had serious impact within the country, but also give a prime example of how similar and different between the two. Both wars were commenced similarly from its conflict with expansion of a communist government and the involvement of the United States. Differences came from the involvement of the United Nation and the outcome of both wars. The similarity between the two wars is the the factorRead MoreVietnam War Paper1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War escalated from a Vietnamese civil war into a limited international conflict, in which the United States was deeply involved. The Vietnam War was fought in South Vietnam between government forces aided by the United States and guerilla forces aided by the North Vietnamese. Despite increased American military involvement and signed peace agreements in 1973, the Vietnam War did not end until North Vietnams successful invasion of South Vietnam in 1975. The Vietnam War may have been

Australian Health Policy and Health Equity

Question: Discuss about the Australian Health Policy and Health Equity. Answer: Australians initiative of Universal Health Policy has failed to bring successful results to the nation. This is because the concept of inequity of healthcare is still rooted very deeply in the society. Though the health of the Australian have improved a lot in the twentieth century due to various scientific advancement but have lagged behind in maintaining equity in healthcare. By the term equity, it means that all the citizens of Australia would get similar access to healthcare and receive benefits from them irrespective of the various socioeconomic backgrounds they belong to. However, a large number of factors have been found that had acted as barriers in maintaining equity in healthcare in Australia. Different morbidity and mortality related inequalities have been found to be associated with socioeconomic disadvantages, unequal household income, provision of education to infants and children, occupation of different adult individuals as well (Purcell, ORourke Rivis, 2015). Moreov er increasing cost of healthcare in the modern generation has also become a concern for the different socioeconomic classes of people for not getting access to healthcare. I lived in Nepal in my preliminary years as my entire family had been citizens of Nepal for many years. My father and my uncle used to work in factories and we belonged to middle socio-economic classes. In those years, I have seen my family face severe issues in managing healthcare in our family. Nepal financial condition was not stable like any other developed countries and therefore healthcare sectors were not much well developed. However, western cultured hospitals were established in the urban regions which practiced modern medications and treatments. In the years, I have seen low and middle economic background people living in the suburban or rural areas failed miserably to accommodate funds to treat their patients in the elite westernized hospitals. We could only access the local healthcare settings where the treatment was not modernized and evidence based as travelling to urban areas were also costly. This often resulted in high rate of mortality. However the influential peopl e could easily access those health benefits. Later government included many policies and systems to include all classes of people in healthcare. However, the initiative was not successful as the government could never negotiate with the private hospitals effectively. A similar view can also be identified with Australia where area based socioeconomic inequalities have been one of the major factors for higher mortality (Kavanagh et al., 2015). They are found to possess bad oral health, high death rates, more rates of lung cancer, lower life expectancy, high burden of stroke and many others. These areas are also found to have more rates of diabetes and different types of cancer. The presence of such a number of high rates of diseases in such areas show that these areas are less accessible to healthcare and the socioeconomic status of people of these areas are one of the contributors. As per the social model of healthcare, depict, I believe that increasing their access to healthcare thr ough policies and plans, making healthcare cheaper for them, empowering such communities and others will have a positive impact on the development of equity in healthcare. Being an inhabitant of Nepal, I have always seen a seen a debate among the Nepali people regarding their cultural understanding of healthcare. A greater portion of people in Nepal believes that diseases occur in people as a result of supernatural phenomena. Therefore they believe in promotion of special prayers and other spiritual interventions in order to fight for the negative forces. They believe that cultural compliance play a great role in patient recovery. They also believe that treatments involving Ayurvedic medicines, implications of proper diets and shamanic systems can cure people. However, there is also another section of people who depends on biomedical model of healthcare for treatment of patients. Therefore one can see here that cultural backgrounds often play a great role in shaping a particular individuals perspectives in accessing to healthcare. However, Australians being a developed country believes I biomedical model of treatment. They believe that diseases occur d ue to physiological scientific phenomena and therefore they seek for medical advices from experts to treat themselves. However lack of education is found in the indigenous people mainly the aborigines and the Torres Strait Islander people who lack information about how to maintain a proper lifestyle that would help prevent the occurrence of harmful diseases. Their culture and religious practices also act as barriers in creating a healthy lifestyle and maintain their lives (Mitrou et al., 2014). Excessive smoking, drinking of alcohol, non maintenance of diabetes and many others often contributes to high number of health disorders among them. Moreover the importance of culture of maintenance of trust and respect were extremely significant criteria for them which were not properly understood by Australians until now. This acted as barrier to health care access. I believe that proper education to the society about the benefits of healthcare sectors in treating diseases rather than traditional methods would decrease the rate of deaths in Nepal. Moreover properly educating citizens entirely about the importance of proper lifestyle, exercises, food habits, different diseases, their prevention can reduce the occurrence of disorders. The government should also introduce proper policies that should help in proper establishment of healthcare sectors, training of the healthcare staffs, maintenance of safe practice and others so that the issues of inequity can be dissolved in Nepal. Similarly in Australia, the socio economic sections of different strata should be properly educated about lifestyles, diseases, diet and other factors so that the rate of disorders can be reduced. Besides, increasing awareness about the benefit of healthcare in certain diseases would help people to overcome their inhibitions and help in preventing its further effects. The government should involve different policies which will allow disadvantaged people to have services of healthcare sectors. Safe practices of healthcare professionals along with maintenance of standards like practicing ethically and morally will ensure equity in healthcare sectors (Elgar et al., 2016). Comprehensive primary health care is needed to be adopted by the nation in the present generation. This is because one needs to create awareness so the citizens at a population level taking everyone into consideration. Besides guiding individuals with specific treatment required for their disorders, comprehensive primary care also covers the underlying social, political as well as economic causes of poor health (Mithen et al., 2015). This is found to be more effective than the selective primary healthcare which focuses on particular region of patients with a fixed number of issues to be decided. Although it was found to be cost effective but it did not consider the broader aspect of maintaining equity among the all citizen of Australia. It was found that Australians who lived in the poor socioeconomic areas in the nineteenth centuries had resulted in higher number of various health disorders. This can be described as the fact that low income resulted individuals in settling in houses with poor conditions that in turn resulted in the increase of the number of people getting ill. Again it was found that people with chronic diseases and belonging to underprivileged background could not afford to pay for their healthcare and in turn settled in less developed areas to maintain their expenditures of healthcare. If one looks over the history, epidemiology of diseases can be broken into three to four stages. the first stage was called the age of epidemics and famines during which life expectancy was low mainly within 20 years. Then another age showed rapid increase in life expectancy due to decrease in rate of epidemics and famines. The following age showed slower increase in life expectancy due to introduction of manmade d iseases like heart diseases, obesity and others (Fisher et al., 2016). On clearly analyzing this it was seen that this depended highly on the socioeconomic background on the people as the low economic people was the most vulnerable of the lot. They were affected in every of the four ages due to less financial power and security of shelter. Moreover lack of education among such groups also kept them apart from practicing their right in the society. A large number of cultural beliefs are also found to be associated with their high number of mortality in people of disadvantaged areas. Their habit of excessive smoking and improper diet create different types of cardiovascular diseases. High blood cholesterol and inactivity of body result in such diseases. Cancer is also found to be higher among them like lung cancer, liver cancer and others. Their practice of unscientific abortion mechanism also leads to uterine cancers also. However one cannot force such people to change their culture but we have the capability to educate them in such a way so that they start looking into matters in a scientific way. Diabetes was also found among the people of disadvantaged areas due to lack of proper lifestyle management, improper diet and others (Whiteford, 2014). They need to be culturally educated and financially supported so that they can overcome the consequences and achieve equity in healthcare. Neo Marxism theory is utilized by many researchers in their work on health inequity in Australia. They have described the class struggles to be the most important aspects of modern healthcare systems. They have asked the policy makers to look into the concept of inequity by focusing their directives from bottom to up rather than from top to bottom. The influential section of the society is the ones who are privileged in every sphere and therefore it would be the duty of the government to fix the position of low socio economic people so that they get the best health benefits. Neo Marxism had helped to establish the social class concept in health and sociology and focus on the interrelationships of economic production in the society along with different processes of ownership and labor, exploitation and domination. The healthcare sectors should implement policies in such a way which would help to create strategies of establishing equity in healthcare. The SES people should be given sco pes of better access to healthcare and medication. This service should ensure that no discrimination occurs in the treatment and safe practice is followed. Moreover the remote areas should be connected urban areas in a way that it becomes easier to get access. Financial support can be established by the government through insurances and subsidies for this people (Newman et al., 2015). Policies should be properly evaluated before publication in order to ensure that privileged classes do not exploit the rights and funds of the underprivileged. A number of barriers have been identified that had made primary health care marginalized in the society of Australia. people from low socio economic background, indigenous people, asylum seekers, refugees and other have been the victims. Lack of proper awareness of healthcare services, excessive waiting times, prohibitive costs, lack of transports, stigma and embarrassment, negative experiences, poor communication have prevented such people to seek help from healthcare sectors. Similarly the primary health care mainly in elite hospitals and nursing homes and sidelined this people as they are unable to pay their high charges. This had resulted in a destruction of the values of health equity in a society that makes it subjected to criticism (Elgar et al., 2016). Therefore it had become excessively important for the government and ministers to implement policies and initiatives that will help in establishment of the social model of healthcare. Besides, providing interventions to physica l development of patients, they should also portray ways that will develop their economic condition and social status. Proper education and inclusion programs in the society are also important to remove inequity in healthcare. Thus we can come to a conclusion, that in order to remove social inequity, one must need to properly study the historical, cultural and social determinants that are acting as barriers in maintaining social equity. One must introduce reforms that will help the socio economic disadvantaged people to educate themselves and develop practices making them less subjected to disorders. Besides, initiatives should also involve the healthcare organizations to be careful enough in establishing systems that will make healthcare more accessible to such people where they will not only feel comfortable but also feel that their dignity is respected. Government should take active steps to incorporate policies which will help in addressing the inequity faced by such classes and make them more included as an important social class in the nation. References: Elgar, F. J., McKinnon, B., Torsheim, T., Schnohr, C. W., Mazur, J., Cavallo, F., Currie, C. (2016). Patterns of socioeconomic inequality in adolescent health differ according to the measure of socioeconomic position.Social Indicators Research,127(3), 1169-1180. Fisher, M., Baum, F. E., MacDougall, C., Newman, L., McDermott, D. (2016). To what Extent do Australian Health Policy Documents address Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity?.Journal of Social Policy,45(03), 545-564. Kavanagh, A. M., Krnjacki, L., Aitken, Z., LaMontagne, A. D., Beer, A., Baker, E., Bentley, R. (2015). Intersections between disability, type of impairment, gender and socio-economic disadvantage in a nationally representative sample of 33,101 working-aged Australians.Disability and health journal,8(2), 191-199. Mithen, J., Aitken, Z., Ziersch, A., Kavanagh, A. M. (2015). Inequalities in social capital and health between people with and without disabilities.Social Science Medicine,126, 26-35. Mitrou, F., Cooke, M., Lawrence, D., Povah, D., Mobilia, E., Guimond, E., Zubrick, S. R. (2014). Gaps in Indigenous disadvantage not closing: a census cohort study of social determinants of health in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand from 19812006.BMC Public Health,14(1), 201. Newman, L., Baum, F., Javanparast, S., O'Rourke, K., Carlon, L. (2015). Addressing social determinants of health inequities through settings: a rapid review.Health promotion international,30(suppl 2), ii126-ii143.

Infection Control And Prevention Practices †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Infection Control And Prevention Practices. Answer: Introduction Infection control and prevention practices are essential for maintaining safe environment for all patients. The procedure helps in reducing risks of potential disease spread from an infected person to a healthy person (Tacconelli et al. 2014). Infection control practices are primarily designed with the aim of reducing risks of hospital acquired or nosocomial infections, and for ensuring a healthy and safe hospital environment for the health care providers patients and visitors. This infection control practices help in preventing spread of microorganism from patient to staff members or other patients (Rosenthal et al. 2013). It is selected as the research topic as it is imperative to health practices and forms the primary component of different invasive procedures, which are administered upon patients in hospital settings. Reason for undertaking research The research activity on infection control practices has been undertaken to improve existing knowledge and awareness. Hospital hygiene has gained much publicity, including concerns of the patients about their safety while being admitted in hospital. This has contributed to making infection control a topic of major research interest in clinical practice, as well as in the community and media. Nursing and health-science students are the frontlines of clinical practice, which in turn increases the risks of acquiring infections (Stone et al. 2012). This exposure to infectious disease is therefore regarded as a major occupational hazard. Therefore, there is a need to create provisions for training programs and knowledge based activities that will provide nurses and other healthcare professionals with relevant information on protecting themselves as well as the patients from different pathogens. Hence, improvement of knowledge on preventing spread of infectious disease is of paramount impo rtance in nursing practice. The research activity will help me in increasing and strengthening my awareness on the appropriate nursing standards needed for infection control, thereby facilitating enhancement of my professional development and clinical practice. Research question The research question is given below- Is hand hygiene practice beneficial in preventing hospital acquired infection? Research objective To establish effectiveness of hand washing practices, in infection control, across healthcare settings. Another discipline that can be associated to this research activity includes medical staff that is exposed to all kinds of body fluids. Several physicians staff and medical residents are subjected to occupational exposure when there occurs a laceration, scratch, splash, or prolonged contact, with broken skin that involve body fluids and blood, containing potentially infectious material (Butsashvili et al. 2012). Such fluids mainly include peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva, synovial fluid, semen, and vaginal secretions, and may contain harmful pathogens for Hepatitis and HIV (Mashoto et al. 2013). Sources Two sources that will be utilized to gather information on relevant articles related to infection control are as follows: Cochrane Library- https://www.cochranelibrary.com/ PubMed- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Methodology Relevant information will be collected by searching articles from the above mentioned to sources. Information will also be collected from infection control and hand hygiene guidelines proposed by the World Health Organisation. These guidelines will help in acquiring and accurate description of the procedures that should be followed while performing hand washing. Furthermore, the infection control guidelines will also provide a better understanding on the rates of surgical site or healthcare associated infections in hospital settings, and strategies that should be adopted for strengthening infection prevention and outbreak. The research question is specific and comprehensive. Searching relevant literature will involve use of specific key words that will assist in retrieving articles that are valid, and relevant to the question. Keywords such as infection control, infection prevention, hygiene, hospital infection, nosocomial, hand wash, hand hygiene will be used, in addition to boolean operators OR, AND, and NOT. These boolean operators will exclude a relevant or and publish articles. Systematic review will be considered relevant for the research activity due to the fact that these reviews contain critically relevant information from multiple research articles, and will facilitate a better understanding of appropriate and effective hand hygiene techniques. The review will also help in general icing the findings and can be implemented in actual nursing practice. Systematic approach A systematic review was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of hand hygiene techniques in reducing community transmission of acute respiratory tract infection and influenza. The research focused on identifying community studies that examines effects of hand hygiene exposure, on risks of developing these infections. It carried out an exhaustive research of relevant articles from several databases such as Medline, Embase, Global Health, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Two authors were involved on retrieving relevant articles after determining their eligibility, related to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 16 articles were included for the final review. Results from the review established the fact that laboratory confirmed influenza rate was lower among people, who received hand hygiene intervention, upon comparison with control. Another study reported similar findings that there was a significant reduction in rates of influenza A, in the intervention group. Another clustered randomised trial included in the review suggested significant reduction in rates of breathing difficulty and cough among children, subjected to the intervention technique. Although some articles did not show significant effects of hand hygiene procedures in rates of influenza and respiratory infection, the entire systematic review was able to provide moderate to high quality evidence that hand hygiene is positively correlated with a large reduction in infection rate in domestic and institutional settings (Warren?Gash, Fragaszy and Hayward 2013). A randomised trial determined the impacts of five moments for hand hygiene educational intervention on patients. The trial was based on previous studies that showed improve access to hand hygiene products were effective in increasing the practice among patients, and health care personal. The researchers hypothesized the fact that patients are willing to perform hand hygiene practices when their healthcare personnel provided nonverbal reminders on its importance. The research was conducted on four medical surgical wards, by randomising patients to the intervention and control group. The researchers focused on five moments for the hand hygiene model, which were, before and after touching the devices or wounds, before eating, after using rest room, while entering and leaving the room, and when a healthcare personal entered the room. All participants were provided with bottles of hand sanitizer that contained a push stop dispensing device, placed on bedside table. Moreover, the intervent ion group was also given education by members of the study team, unlike the control group, and was questioned on their willingness to perform hand hygiene practices. Use of hand sanitizer by the patients were also measured by weighing them its afternoon for consecutive three days, or until it was discharged. Frequency of hand hygiene practices was also measured, followed by conduction of a student t-test and fisher test to compare weight of sanitizer, and frequency of the practice for each group. Result findings suggested no difference in baseline characteristics of the two groups. However, the intervention group was found to use hand sanitizer more than the control group. Upon entry of the personnel, the intervention group displayed better hand hygiene practices on day 1. Therefore, the study demonstrated and effectiveness of the five moments and hygiene model in improving hand hygiene practices performance among patients in a hospital setting (Rai et al. 2017). Another report focused on providing a details description of the planning and implementation procedures related to use of hand hygiene dispensing system in healthcare facilities in Canada. The report focused on the fact that hand hygiene products that include hand lotion, soap, and alcohol-based hand rub, are ubiquitous across all Healthcare facilities in Canada and the United States. It recognised the need of transition due to potential cost savings, superior quality of product, dispenser compatibility, electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems, and advanced dispensing systems. The planning strategies included evaluation of the options that were available for hand hygiene practices. The researchers identified five criteria that were imperative to its evaluation, such as, cost, standardization, serviceability, quality and safety. They also focused on the importance of skin tolerability, efficacy and experience of the users. Moreover, the planning strategies illustrated important sta ff this practices in mental health settings. Free dispenser availability and their compatibility with electronic systems were also considered essential for improving compliance to these practices. Linking groups with the purchasing organisation and engaging essentials stakeholders in the practice were also recognised as important steps. The group purchasing organisations were considered because they conduct exhaustive clinical reviews on deciding products and technologies that will be made available. Implementation strategies focused on appropriate storage and staging areas where the bulk of the sanitisers and dispensers would be kept, followed by their proper installation, disposal and an effective education program to help the users understand their use. The report suggested that the aforementioned procedures would be successful in generating leftovers talk of old HHPs (Amirov, Candon and Jacob 2017). A three-year interrupted time series study that focused on sequential interventions and a post intervention follow-up period for one year assessed impact of hospital right hand hygiene initiatives on nosocomial infections. The study focused on the fact that healthcare professionals often demonstrated a failure to clean and wash their hands on a regular basis, which contributed to increase rates of hospital-acquired infections. It conducted multifaceted improvement initiatives in a 383-bed teaching hospital, in New Hampshire. The initiative was formed as a part of the hospital infection prevention program, following an approval from the Institution Review Board. Five overarching areas were identified for hand hygiene practices. The researchers emphasize on importance of hand hygiene with the help of leaders at all organisation levels for preventing patient and healthcare professional heart. Hand hygiene audits were initiated at all units and surveillance was conducted on a monthly bas is. The study also emphasised on availability of hand sanitizer across all units, and developed an electronic learning video and training module for educating the dancing stuff on hand hygiene. It also focused on marketing strategies for increasing awareness on infection prevention. The monthly changes were observed in rates of infection and hand hygiene compliance among the healthcare workers. Significant improvements were observed in hand hygiene compliance during the initiative, which further increased, during the follow up period. Nurses were found to demonstrate more compliance when compared to physicians. Thus, the initiative was able to create significant reduction in infection rates (Kirkland et al. 2012). Comparison A comparison of the aforementioned randomised controlled trial and the report are given in the appendix. Conclusion- To conclude, it can be stated that nosocomial infections occur due to spread of viral bacterial and fungal pathogens that are commonly found among patients, who receive treatment in intensive care units. An analysis of the findings helped in drawing the conclusion that following appropriate hand washing technique and guidelines, and providing appropriate training on their uses, will significantly help in controlling rates of infection. It will prevent bacterial colonization, thereby reducing infection. Impact Nurses should be well placed for promoting appropriate and hashing techniques and practice, and should follow the guidelines, for influencing cultural changes and their organisation. They should take precautionary steps while washing their skin before and after handling all sorts of blood, body fluids or surgical instruments (Huis et al. 2013). Failure to attend proper hand hygiene, may lead to adverse consequences on the quality of life, of the patients, as well as the Healthcare professionals (Loveday et al. 2014). Use The information collected will be used in workplace for making nursing staff and other healthcare professional show compliance to the recommended guidelines. Hand washing products and dispensers will be made easily available for the patients and the staff, to reduce hospital acquired infections (Simmons et al. 2013). Reflection The research activity help me understand that infection control should be considered as the utmost priority in healthcare settings. I understood that the nursing staff are expected to ensure adherence to good infection control practices, for reducing or eliminating all kinds of risk factors that can be detrimental to the health of their clients of themselves. Issues There is a need to conduct extensive research on impacts of education and training program in improving awareness of nursing staff and patients, for infection control (Kelckova, Skodova and Straka 2012). References Amirov, C.M., Candon, H.L. and Jacob, L., 2017. Making change easy: A peer-to-peer guide on transitioning to new hand hygiene products.American journal of infection control,45(1), pp.46-50. Butsashvili, M., Kamkamidze, G., Kajaia, M., Morse, D.L., Triner, W., Dehovitz, J. and McNutt, L.A., 2012. Occupational exposure to body fluids among health care workers in Georgia.Occupational medicine,62(8), pp.620-626. Huis, A., Schoonhoven, L., Grol, R., Donders, R., Hulscher, M. and van Achterberg, T., 2013. Impact of a team and leaders-directed strategy to improve nurses adherence to hand hygiene guidelines: a cluster randomised trial.International journal of nursing studies,50(4), pp.464-474. Kelckova, S., Skodova, Z. and Straka, S., 2012. Effectiveness of hand hygiene education in a basic nursing school curricula.Public Health Nursing,29(2), pp.152-159. Kirkland, K.B., Homa, K.A., Lasky, R.A., Ptak, J.A., Taylor, E.A. and Splaine, M.E., 2012. Impact of a hospital-wide hand hygiene initiative on healthcare-associated infections: results of an interrupted time series.BMJ Qual Saf, pp.qhc-2012. Loveday, H.P., Wilson, J., Pratt, R.J., Golsorkhi, M., Tingle, A., Bak, A., Browne, J., Prieto, J. and Wilcox, M., 2014. epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England.Journal of Hospital Infection,86, pp.S1-S70. Mashoto, K.O., Mubyazi, G.M., Mohamed, H. and Malebo, H.M., 2013. Self-reported occupational exposure to HIV and factors influencing its management practice: a study of healthcare workers in Tumbi and Dodoma Hospitals, Tanzania.BMC health services research,13(1), p.276. Rai, H., Knighton, S., Zabarsky, T.F. and Donskey, C.J., 2017. A randomized trial to determine the impact of a 5 moments for patient hand hygiene educational intervention on patient hand hygiene.American journal of infection control,45(5), pp.551-553. Rosenthal, V.D., Richtmann, R., Singh, S., Apisarnthanarak, A., Kbler, A., Viet-Hung, N., Ramrez-Wong, F.M., Portillo-Gallo, J.H., Toscani, J., Gikas, A. and Dueas, L., 2013. Surgical site infections, International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 30 countries, 20052010.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,34(6), pp.597-604. Simmons, S., Morgan, M., Hopkins, T., Helsabeck, K., Stachowiak, J. and Stibich, M., 2013. Impact of a multi-hospital intervention utilising screening, hand hygiene education and pulsed xenon ultraviolet (PX-UV) on the rate of hospital associated meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection.Journal of Infection Prevention,14(5), pp.172-174. Stone, S.P., Fuller, C., Savage, J., Cookson, B., Hayward, A., Cooper, B., Duckworth, G., Michie, S., Murray, M., Jeanes, A. and Roberts, J., 2012. Evaluation of the national Cleanyourhands campaign to reduce Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and Clostridium difficile infection in hospitals in England and Wales by improved hand hygiene: four year, prospective, ecological, interrupted time series study.Bmj,344, p.e3005. Tacconelli, E., Cataldo, M.A., Dancer, S.J., Angelis, G., Falcone, M., Frank, U., Kahlmeter, G., Pan, A., Petrosillo, N., Rodrguez?Bao, J. and Singh, N., 2014. ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce transmission of multidrug?resistant Gram?negative bacteria in hospitalized patients.Clinical Microbiology and Infection,20(s1), pp.1-55. Warren?Gash, C., Fragaszy, E. and Hayward, A.C., 2013. Hand hygiene to reduce community transmission of influenza and acute respiratory tract infection: a systematic review.Influenza and other respiratory viruses,7(5), pp.738-749.